Hollw balls are made by casting the round part of the ball, and the internal part is also cast spherical. The flow path is made by inserting a piece of piep (cylinder anside the ball and welding both

what is the different between reduce bore and full bore and who can select? process scope or piping?

In ball valve is Bernoulli principle used to estimate the values flow rate & pressure drop estimation.

op entry permits maintenance on the ball valve without removing the valve from the pipeline. Two piece and three piece valves are maintainable but the valve must be removed from the pipe.

The problem with "lubricated" plug valves is that they don't get lubricated in the field and after a few months or years they can become impossible to operate.

Reduced bore valves are commonly used for intra-unit applications. Many exceptions exist such as piggable lines, low pressure compressor suction piping.

Multiturn is normally used for valves with a construction where the closing element does not move 90 degrees, eg. normally for globe or gate valves with threaded stems, requiring several turns to clos

There are actually three versions of port size: Full Port is "true full", and can be a relative term based on the I.D. of your Pipe (Schedule of your pipe).